To begin the pre-writing stage of a research paper, use brainstorming techniques. Brainstorming may include a list of words or phrases related to the general topic. Friends can help with brainstorming by offering their own thoughts on the general topic. Another stage of pre-writing is creating a cluster map. The cluster begins with the topic in a center circle. Branches are then drawn from the center with related sub-topics. Branches are drawn from each sub-topic with supporting ideas.
A detailed outline of the research paper comes from the brainstorming and cluster map. The outline should include notes on an introductory paragraph. The introduction is a catchy opening followed by the thesis statement. The paper outline also includes notes on the body paragraphs. Outline each body paragraph with a topic sentence and notes on supporting details. Finally, outline the conclusion of the paper with notes on how to restate the thesis. The conclusion should also feature a final thought to leave with the reader.
The body paragraphs should appear in logical order so the reader follows concepts. Each body paragraph contains a single point. This occurs with the use of smooth transitions from one paragraph to the next. Topics should also be supported with evidence such as examples and explanations. Quotations from reputable sources help to build the evidence in body paragraphs. Paraphrasing is also a technique to support body paragraphs. Summarize the central idea from another source to paraphrase.
After writing a research paper, editing and proofreading ensures that there are no errors. Proofreading the paper aloud may help to identify any misuse of grammar. Skim the paper for spelling mistakes and errors in sentence structure, including incorrect use of capitalization and punctuation. In the editing phase, the writer may also identify whether the quotations are introduced and cited correctly. A friend or peer who reads the research paper may also identify errors in the writing.