* Empirical Evidence: Both disciplines rely heavily on empirical evidence, though the nature of the evidence differs. Scientists use experiments, observations, and data analysis, while social scientists utilize historical documents, surveys, interviews, statistical data, and ethnographic studies. Both strive to base their conclusions on verifiable evidence.
* Systematic Investigation: Both social studies and science employ systematic methods of investigation to gather and analyze information. Scientists follow the scientific method, while social scientists use various research methodologies designed to minimize bias and ensure reliable results.
* Explanation and Interpretation: Both aim to explain and interpret phenomena. Scientists seek to explain natural phenomena through theories and laws, while social scientists attempt to explain social phenomena through models, theories, and interpretations of historical events and cultural practices.
* Hypothesis Testing (in some areas): While not always the case in social studies, certain branches, like economics and political science, employ hypothesis testing, similar to the scientific method, to investigate causal relationships and test theories.
* Generalizations and Theories: Both strive to develop generalizations and theories to explain patterns and relationships within their respective domains. These generalizations are often subject to revision and refinement as new evidence emerges.
* Objectivity (as a goal): Both fields strive for objectivity, although achieving complete objectivity is a challenge in both. Scientists aim for unbiased observation and experimentation, while social scientists strive to minimize researcher bias in their methodologies and interpretations.
However, it's crucial to remember that the nature of the subject matter leads to significant differences in methodology and the type of conclusions drawn. Social sciences deal with human behavior and societies, which are inherently complex and influenced by subjective factors, while natural sciences deal with the physical world governed by seemingly more predictable laws.