* Literature reviews: While not strictly original data collection, thoroughly researching and synthesizing existing literature is a crucial research skill practiced at all levels.
* Descriptive research: This often involves surveys, observations, or case studies to describe a phenomenon or population. Undergraduate research projects frequently fall into this category.
* Correlational research: Exploring relationships between variables without establishing causality. This is common in social sciences and psychology.
* Experimental research: This involves manipulating variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships. This is more common at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels, often within lab settings.
* Qualitative research: This focuses on in-depth understanding of experiences, perspectives, and meanings. Common methods include interviews and focus groups.
The level of sophistication and independence in the research increases as students progress through their college career. Undergraduate students typically participate in research projects under the guidance of faculty, while graduate students often conduct more independent and complex research for their theses or dissertations.