Read the entire text of the piece of literature. As you read, fold down the pages where a significant event occurred or otherwise mark the pages. It is better to read the entire text without stopping than to make notes as you read, which can be distracting.
Open the text to each place you marked and write down details of each significant event. Also record quotes that are significant. For example, if you're reading Nathaniel Hawthorne your teacher may ask that you include in your essay the details of the symbolism used throughout the text. When take notes also write the page numbers as you need them to reference any quotes or details in your sources.
Write a rough draft of your essay. Begin with a strong introduction that presents your thesis statement--what you intend to prove throughout the essay. It should not be lengthy but should be direct, to the point. Within the body of the essay use clear and concise paragraphs. Include the quotes you've gathered. You must address all questions asked of you in regard to this piece of literature. Don't write a book report. Rather, write a clear statement of your critical view of what is presented within the literature. You must prove your case in this essay. You must prove each point of your thesis statement.
Edit your rough draft. Or ask someone else to read the essay and find any errors. If you plan to edit your own paper, take some time away from your essay before you do so. This will give you a fresh view of it, and you may find errors you would have missing otherwise.
Compose your final draft. Correct all errors and make sure you've addressed each point raised by your teacher. Check that you've properly referenced all sources. Use AP style, as this is the standard. If you used quotes within your paper you should reference these within your essay's text. For the AP Style guide visit the AP website.