General Requirements:
* Bachelor's Degree: A bachelor's degree (or equivalent) is universally required. A strong GPA, typically above a 3.0 (or equivalent) on a 4.0 scale, is usually expected, especially in competitive programs.
* Master's Degree: While not always mandatory, a master's degree is highly recommended, and often required, for many PhD programs, especially in STEM fields. It provides a stronger foundation and demonstrates the applicant's capability for advanced research.
* GRE Scores (often, but increasingly less): Many programs used to require Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) scores, particularly the GRE General Test. However, many programs are now dropping this requirement, recognizing its limitations in predicting success. Always check the specific program requirements.
* Letters of Recommendation: Typically 3-4 letters of recommendation from professors or other individuals who can speak to the applicant's academic abilities, research potential, and personal qualities are needed. Strong letters are crucial.
* Statement of Purpose/Research Proposal: This is a critical component. It outlines the applicant's research interests, past experiences, proposed research topic, and alignment with the faculty's research areas within the program. A well-written statement demonstrates a clear understanding of the field and research methodology.
* Transcript(s): Official transcripts from all previously attended institutions are necessary.
* English Language Proficiency (if applicable): International students whose native language is not English usually need to submit scores from standardized English language tests like TOEFL or IELTS.
* Research Experience: Hands-on research experience is highly valued, and often essential. This could be through undergraduate research projects, internships, or work as a research assistant.
* Writing Sample(s): Some programs may request a writing sample, often a published paper, thesis chapter, or other academic writing demonstrating the applicant's research and writing abilities.
Field-Specific Requirements:
The requirements can vary greatly based on the field:
* STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics): Often require a strong background in mathematics and relevant coursework, significant research experience, and potentially strong scores on standardized tests (though this is changing).
* Humanities: May emphasize strong writing skills, demonstrated knowledge of the relevant literature, and a compelling research proposal focused on a specific historical period, literary movement, or philosophical concept.
* Social Sciences: Often require a strong understanding of statistical methods, qualitative research methods, and relevant social science theories. Research experience and a clear research proposal are also essential.
* Arts: May involve a portfolio showcasing the applicant's artistic abilities and a research proposal demonstrating a conceptual understanding of their artistic field.
In Summary: To determine the exact requirements, you MUST visit the websites of the specific PhD programs you are interested in. Each program has its own unique criteria and deadlines. Don't rely on general information; always check the official sources.