Write a list of potential research topics. If you are not sure about research topics in your subject area, read a journal on your subject, write a list of recurring topics, and then pick a unique variation on one of these topics.
Write a research question. State the question so that a precise, measurable answer can be given. Terms like "how many" and "how likely" are frequently used in research questions. For example, one idea for a research question is "How likely is the average American to change political affiliation over the course of his lifetime?"
Decide on the types of tools you will use to conduct your inquiry. Social research uses a few basic tools: questionnaires, experiments and group surveys. A questionnaire is a survey that someone fills out individually, over the phone or on paper. A social experiment is a controlled test involving human subjects. A group survey is a focus group research project in which a group of people are asked their opinion on products. Use surveys or focus groups if you need opinions; use experiments if you need to see how people will react under controlled conditions.
Write survey and questionnaire questions with measurable answers. Every question should be answerable with a rating or a multiple choice answer. For example, questions like "How would you rate your experience at Joe's Diner?" can be answered on a 1-to-10 scale, while questions like "Which of the following four restaurants is your favorite?" can be answered from an inventory of choices.
Get the materials for the experimental component of the inquiry. For example, if the experiment involves blindfolding participants and getting them to taste beverages, purchase blindfolds and beverages.
Write a list of strategies for selecting research participants. The participant sample has to relate logically to your research question. For example, if your research question is "How do teens in New York perceive the Obama administration?" you need to make sure that your participants are all New York teens. Strategies for finding appropriate participants include looking in phone books, at offices or on college campuses. Phone books ensure the appropriate geographic sample, while schools, colleges and offices ensure the proper age sample.