Cardiac surgeons must have a thorough understanding of anatomy, particularly that of the heart and circulatory system, as well biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology and other disciplines.
Cardiac surgeons begin their education as most doctors do by pursuing a bachelor's degree and then spending four more years in medical school.
Following graduation from medical school, cardiac surgeons gain five more years of education on the job in a surgical residency. They then devote up to three more years on a fellowship specializing in cardiothoracic surgical issues.
Some cardiac surgeons may decide to specialize even further in a field such as pediatric surgery or transplant surgery. These specialties require additional education.
As the culmination of their many years of education and training, cardiac surgeons must pass a certification examination given by the American Board of Medical Specialists.