The first year of law school is highly structured, though there may be room for an elective or two. Students take basic classes that provide a foundation for future studies. Civil procedures is a common introductory course, where students learn the fundamentals of American lawsuits. Criminal law covers both positive and negative aspects of the penal code. Introduction to Constitutional law lays the groundwork for future study of the details of this American document. Classes in contracts and torts are also common. Students learn about both honest and deceitful contracts, as well as grievances that do not stem from contracts. Mock courts are held to help students gain courtroom experience in a low-stakes setting.
After learning the basics in the initial year, law students spend the next two years taking electives that will help them pursue their professional goals. Students choose from a wide range of classes, from business law to taxation. For example, anyone interested in international law might study comparative law, the European Union and international human rights. Individuals who want to serve the public could learn about disability rights, immigration law and local government law. Prospective prosecutors or defense attorneys might investigate juvenile crime, sentencing and corrections, laws concerning the death penalty and white collar crime.
In addition to taking elective classes, second and third year law students often have opportunities that let them branch out of the field or participate in real world legal issues. They may take non-law classes in other parts of the university to develop additional expertise. Study abroad programs are available for students interested in international issues and events. Some law schools offer externship experiences, which are short-term opportunities for students to shadow and observe lawyers in such areas as civil or criminal law. During externships, students may also be required to take concurrent classes or seminars where they can discuss the learning, challenges and demands of the programs.
Before graduates can work as lawyers, they must obtain a license from the state in which they will practice. This process is usually coordinated by the state’s highest court, but, in some areas, the state bar association is responsible. Typically, prospective lawyers must display professional competence with a law school degree and a passing grade on the state’s bar exam. This assessment is usually a two-day event. The first day is a standardized 200-question exam, while the second presents essay questions. In addition, most states require the completion of the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination, which tests knowledge of professional conduct. In addition, a bar candidate must undergo a background check.