How to Do Skeleton Equations

Skeleton equations are a means of representing a chemical reaction using the chemical formulae involved. These equations, sometimes called unbalanced equations, fall between word equations and balanced equations in the progression of equations used to represent chemical reactions. Writing skeleton equations can be intimidating at first, but as long as you know the reactants and products you are working with, you should be able to master this technique quickly. In writing skeleton equations an arrow is used to represent "yields" or "reacts to produce."

Instructions

    • 1

      Write the chemical formulae for the reactants on the left side of the equation with a plus sign (+) between each to indicate their interaction. For example, write the skeleton equation for rusting (iron plus oxygen yields iron oxide) as follows:

      Fe + O2

      Write the skeleton equation for iron oxide plus carbon monoxide yields iron plus carbon dioxide like this:

      Fe2O3 + CO

    • 2

      Write an arrow pointing right, just to the right of the reactants to symbolize "yields." Now the first example should look like this:

      Fe + O2 ->

      And the second example should look like this:

      Fe2O3 + CO ->

    • 3

      Write the formula for the product to the right of the "yields" symbol (->) to complete the skeleton equation. Write a plus sign in between each if there is more than one product. Now the first example should look like this:

      Fe + O2 -> Fe2O3

      And the second example should look like this:

      Fe2O3 + CO -> Fe + CO2

    • 4

      Add the notation for the physical state of each substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to impart more specificity, if desired. This step is not necessary to complete a skeleton equation, but does add clarity regarding the reaction being represented. These notations are solid state (s), liquid state (l) and gaseous state (g).

      Write these as subscripts if possible. Now the first example would end up looking like this:

      Fe(s) + O2(g) -> Fe2O3(s)

      And the second example would look like this:

      Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) -> Fe(s) + CO2(g)

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