Formal Credentials:
* Degree: This is the most common credential. Degrees are awarded upon successful completion of a program of study and typically indicate a certain level of knowledge and skills. There are several types:
* Associate's Degree (AA, AS): Typically a two-year program at a community college or junior college.
* Bachelor's Degree (BA, BS, B.Sc., BBA): A four-year undergraduate degree offered by colleges and universities. The specific designation (BA, BS, etc.) often indicates the type of program (e.g., BA for arts, BS for science).
* Master's Degree (MA, MS, M.Sc., MBA): A postgraduate degree typically requiring one to two years of study beyond a bachelor's degree.
* Doctoral Degree (PhD, EdD, DBA): The highest academic degree, usually requiring several years of advanced study and research beyond a master's degree. Different types focus on different areas (PhD for research, EdD for education, DBA for business).
* Professional Degrees (JD, MD, DDS): These are professional degrees granted after completion of specialized programs in fields like law, medicine, and dentistry. They are typically considered terminal degrees in their respective fields.
* Certificates: These credentials are awarded for completing a shorter program of study focused on specific skills or knowledge. They are often vocational or technical in nature and can be offered at various levels (e.g., after high school, after an associate's degree, etc.).
* Diplomas: These are sometimes used interchangeably with degrees, but sometimes represent completion of a non-degree program. The meaning can vary significantly across institutions.
Informal Credentials (Not always official transcripts but may still be relevant):
* Transcripts: Official records of a student's academic progress, including courses taken, grades earned, and degree conferred.
* Course Completion Certificates: These may be offered for individual courses, workshops, or online learning experiences, demonstrating proficiency in a specific area. They are less formal than a degree but can still be beneficial for career advancement.
* Letters of Recommendation: These are written by professors or other faculty who can attest to a student's abilities and character. They are often important for graduate school applications and jobs.
It's crucial to understand the specific meaning and value of any credential offered by a particular institution. The prestige and recognition of a credential often depend on the reputation of the awarding college or university.