How did people learn without books?

Oral traditions: Storytelling and oral traditions were one of the primary ways people learned without books. Knowledge and skills were passed down from generation to generation through stories, songs, poems, and other forms of oral communication. This allowed people to accumulate and share important information, such as history, cultural values, and practical knowledge.

Apprenticeships: Apprenticeships were another crucial method for learning without books. Young individuals would apprentice themselves to experienced craftsmen, farmers, artists, or other professionals to learn specific skills. Through hands-on training and close observation, apprentices acquired knowledge and expertise in their chosen field.

Observation and imitation: People learned through direct observation and imitation in everyday life. They would watch and learn from more experienced individuals, such as parents, community elders, or skilled artisans, to develop various practical skills. This process allowed knowledge and practices to spread within communities.

Guilds and professional associations: Guilds were specialized associations of artisans, craftsmen, or merchants that regulated their trade or craft. These organizations often had strict apprenticeship systems, where members learned the trade through a combination of theoretical instruction and practical experience.

Cultural practices and rituals: Cultural practices and rituals also played a significant role in learning without books. These often incorporated symbolic teachings and practical skills, passing down cultural heritage and traditions from one generation to another.

Exploration: Curiosity and the desire to explore new environments led people to acquire knowledge through personal experiences and encounters with the natural world. This process allowed individuals to learn about geography, ecology, and various flora and fauna.

Specialized teaching institutions: In some societies, specialized teaching institutions existed before the widespread use of books. These schools or academies provided education and training in various fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and religion.

Shared knowledge within communities: Communities often possessed collective knowledge based on shared experiences and traditions. This knowledge encompassed herbal remedies, agricultural techniques, navigation methods, and other practical information necessary for survival and prosperity.