- The Indian National Congress (INC): The INC, led by prominent figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhash Chandra Bose, played a crucial role in advocating for Indian independence from British colonial rule.
- Nonviolent Resistance: Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance, known as Satyagraha, influenced the INC's strategies to achieve independence through peaceful means, including boycotts, civil disobedience, and mass protests.
- Partition of India: The partition of India in 1947 resulted in the creation of the independent states of India and Pakistan. The partition was marked by violence and displacement of millions of people, leading to significant social and political consequences.
- Nehru and the Birth of Modern India: Jawaharlal Nehru became India's first prime minister after independence and played a key role in shaping modern India's political, economic, and social policies, including the promotion of democracy and secularism.
- Post-Independence Challenges: India faced several challenges after gaining independence, including economic disparities, social inequality, conflicts over language and religion, and the integration of former princely states into the new nation.
Please note that this response provides a summary of the information presented in the textbook section and does not include any specific answers to questions or exercises.