How can I cite a source with no author or website in APA format?

When a source lacks an author and a website, you'll need to rely on other identifying information to create your citation. The best approach depends on what information *is* available. Here are some scenarios and how to handle them:

Scenario 1: Source is a chapter in an edited book:

If the source is a chapter within a larger edited work, cite the chapter title, then the editor(s), publication year, chapter title, and book title.

Example:

(Title of Chapter, Year). In *Title of Book* (Ed., Name of Editor). Publisher.

Scenario 2: Source is an article in a print journal:

If it's a journal article, use the article title.

Example:

(Title of Article, Year). *Title of Periodical*, *Volume*(Issue), pages.

Scenario 3: Source is a document (e.g., a report, pamphlet):

Use the title of the document. Include the publishing organization if known.

Example:

(Title of Document, Year). [Name of Organization].

Scenario 4: Source is extremely limited information:

If you only have a title and year, and it's unclear where it came from, the citation will be less precise. You may need to put the title in the text and use a footnote to further explain the source's provenance. This is generally not ideal, and you should strive for better sources whenever possible.

Example:

(Title of Source, Year).¹

¹This source is mentioned in [wherever you found a mention of the source].

General Guidelines:

* Italicize titles of books, journals, and periodicals.

* Use quotation marks around titles of articles and chapters.

* Always include the year of publication.

* If there's a DOI, include it at the end of the citation.

* If information is unclear or missing, include as much detail as possible to allow readers to attempt to find the source.

Important Note: Sources lacking author and website are generally less reliable and should be approached with caution. Try to find more reputable sources whenever possible. If using a source with minimal identifying information, be prepared to explain your rationale for its inclusion in your work.

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