How does Niccolo Machiavelli distinguish his study of the art ruling from that earlier writers?

In his seminal work, "The Prince," Niccolo Machiavelli distinguishes his study of the art of ruling from that of earlier writers by adopting a more pragmatic and empirical approach. Machiavelli breaks away from the traditional emphasis on moral and ethical considerations and instead focuses on the practical realities and strategies necessary for a ruler to acquire and maintain power.

Here are some key ways in which Machiavelli's approach differs from that of earlier writers:

1. Emphasis on Power and Effectiveness: Machiavelli emphasizes the importance of power and effectiveness as the primary goals of a ruler, even if it means deviating from traditional moral or ethical principles. He argues that a ruler's primary objective should be to maintain control and authority, regardless of the means employed.

2. Separation of Politics from Morality: Machiavelli separates politics from morality, asserting that the pursuit of political power and the maintenance of order and stability may sometimes require actions that go against conventional morality. He argues that rulers must be prepared to use deceit, force, and even immoral tactics if necessary to achieve their political goals.

3. Practical Observations Based on Experience: Machiavelli draws upon his own political observations and experiences to formulate his theories. He believes that practical experience and a keen understanding of human nature are essential for effective leadership, rather than relying solely on theoretical or idealistic notions.

4. Focus on the Internal State: Unlike his predecessors, who often focused on the external relations of a state, Machiavelli emphasizes the importance of internal affairs. He argues that a strong and stable internal foundation is crucial for a ruler's success and that factors like domestic security, economic prosperity, and the support of the people are essential for maintaining power.

5. Virtù and Fortune: Machiavelli introduces the concept of "virtù," which refers to a ruler's determination, skill, and ability to adapt to changing circumstances. He believes that a ruler needs a combination of virtù, cunning, and adaptability to succeed in the face of unpredictable events or "fortuna."

By departing from the traditional philosophical and ethical approaches to political thought, Machiavelli's "The Prince" offers a more practical and realistic perspective on the art of ruling. His focus on power, pragmatism, and the realities of political life set the stage for a shift in political thinking and influenced subsequent generations of scholars and leaders.