* Starting with observations: It begins with specific observations and empirical data rather than with pre-conceived theories or hypotheses. Researchers gather data through various methods like surveys, experiments, or case studies.
* Identifying patterns and regularities: Researchers then analyze the collected data, looking for patterns, trends, and regularities. They identify recurring themes, relationships, and correlations between variables.
* Formulating generalizations (hypotheses or theories): Based on the identified patterns, researchers formulate tentative generalizations, hypotheses, or theories. These are broad statements that attempt to explain the observed phenomena. These are *inductively* derived from the data, not deductively reasoned from existing theory.
* Tentative and probabilistic conclusions: Unlike deductive reasoning which leads to certain conclusions, inductive conclusions are always tentative and probabilistic. The generalizations are supported by the data but are not necessarily universally true. They are subject to revision or rejection based on further evidence.
* Focus on empirical evidence: The emphasis is on empirical evidence and the systematic collection and analysis of data. The strength of an inductive argument rests heavily on the quality and quantity of the evidence.
* Open-endedness: The research process may be exploratory and open-ended, allowing for new insights and unexpected findings to emerge from the data. It isn't necessarily rigidly structured from the outset.
In short, inductive research moves from specific instances to broader generalizations, emphasizing empirical observation and the formulation of tentative conclusions based on the evidence gathered.