1. Quantitative Research: This approach emphasizes numerical data and statistical analysis to establish relationships between variables. It seeks to measure and quantify phenomena, often aiming for generalizability to larger populations. Key characteristics include:
* Objective: Aims to minimize bias and researcher influence.
* Deductive: Starts with a hypothesis and tests it using data.
* Large sample sizes: Allows for generalization to a population.
* Structured data collection: Uses standardized instruments (e.g., surveys, questionnaires).
* Statistical analysis: Uses statistical methods to analyze data and test hypotheses.
Examples: Experiments, surveys, correlational studies.
2. Qualitative Research: This approach focuses on in-depth understanding of experiences, perspectives, and meanings. It prioritizes rich, descriptive data rather than numerical data. Key characteristics include:
* Subjective: Acknowledges the researcher's influence and perspective.
* Inductive: Develops theories and explanations from data.
* Small sample sizes: Focuses on in-depth understanding rather than generalization.
* Unstructured or semi-structured data collection: Uses methods like interviews, focus groups, observations.
* Thematic analysis: Analyzes data to identify recurring themes and patterns.
Examples: Ethnography, case studies, grounded theory.
3. Mixed Methods Research: This approach combines both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem. It leverages the strengths of both approaches to address limitations and provide richer insights. The integration can occur in various ways, such as sequentially (qualitative followed by quantitative, or vice versa) or concurrently (simultaneously collecting and analyzing both types of data).
It's important to note that these categories aren't always mutually exclusive. Some research designs might incorporate elements of both quantitative and qualitative inquiry, blurring the lines between these classifications. The choice of research approach depends on the research question, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the resources available.