2. Gift: Libraries often receive gifts of materials from individuals, organizations, and businesses. These gifts can include books, journals, manuscripts, and other items.
3. Exchange: Libraries exchange materials with other libraries and institutions. This can be a cost-effective way to acquire materials that the library might not otherwise be able to afford.
4. Legal deposit: In some countries, publishers are required to deposit copies of their publications with the national library. This ensures that the national library has a comprehensive collection of the country's published materials.
5. Retrospective conversion: This is the process of converting materials from a non-digital format to a digital format. This can include scanning books, journals, and other materials. Retrospective conversion allows the library to make these materials available to users online.
6. Digitization: This is the process of creating a digital representation of an object. Libraries digitize materials to preserve them and to make them more accessible to users. Digitized materials can be accessed online, on CD-ROM, or on DVD.
7. Crowdfunding: Libraries can also use crowdfunding to raise money to acquire materials. Crowdfunding is a way of raising money from a large number of people, each of whom contributes a small amount.
8. Donation: Libraries receive donations in various forms, such as money, books and other information materials for the benefit of the library.