2. Observation: Observation is the systematic and objective recording of behaviour or other phenomena. It can be conducted in a variety of settings, such as naturalistic observation (in the field) or laboratory observation (in a controlled environment).
3. Experiments: Experiments involve manipulating one or more independent variables to observe the effect on a dependent variable. They are used to test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships.
4. Document Analysis: Document analysis involves examining written or visual materials to extract relevant information. This includes textual data, such as books, articles, and reports, as well as non-textual data, such as images, videos, and audio recordings.
5. Historical Research: Historical research involves studying past events or phenomena to gain insights into current issues or problems. It often relies on archival data, such as historical documents, records, and artefacts.