1. Sound Effects:
* Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words (e.g., "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.")
* Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds within words (e.g., "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.")
* Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds within words (e.g., "The silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain.")
* Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate the sounds they describe (e.g., "buzz," "hiss," "crash").
* Rhyme: Words that have similar sounds (e.g., "cat" and "hat").
* Rhythm: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry.
2. Imagery & Figurative Language:
* Metaphor: A direct comparison between two unlike things, without using "like" or "as" (e.g., "He is a lion in battle.")
* Simile: A comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as" (e.g., "She is as beautiful as a rose.")
* Personification: Giving human qualities to inanimate objects or animals (e.g., "The wind whispered secrets through the trees.")
* Hyperbole: An exaggeration used for emphasis (e.g., "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.")
* Understatement: A statement that makes something seem less important than it really is (e.g., "The earthquake was a little bit of a shake.")
* Symbolism: Using an object or image to represent a larger idea or concept (e.g., a dove symbolizing peace).
* Imagery: Language that appeals to the five senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch) to create vivid pictures in the reader's mind.
3. Structure & Form:
* Stanza: A group of lines in a poem.
* Line Break: Where a line of poetry ends.
* Enjambment: When a line of poetry continues onto the next line without punctuation.
* Meter: The rhythmic pattern of a poem.
* Form: The overall structure of a poem (e.g., sonnet, haiku, free verse).
4. Emotional & Psychological Effects:
* Tone: The author's attitude towards the subject matter.
* Mood: The emotional atmosphere created by the poem.
* Theme: The central idea or message of the poem.
* Connotation: The implied meaning of a word.
* Denotation: The literal meaning of a word.
5. Other Effects:
* Repetition: The use of words or phrases multiple times for emphasis.
* Juxtaposition: Placing contrasting ideas or images next to each other for effect.
* Irony: A situation where the opposite of what is expected happens.
* Paradox: A statement that seems contradictory but may be true.
It's important to remember that poets often use a combination of these effects to achieve different results. The specific effects used in a poem will depend on the poet's intentions and the poem's subject matter.