1. The Historian's Voice: This voice is Momaday's own, a direct, often lyrical prose that narrates historical events, cultural practices, and personal reflections. He uses his academic background to research and present factual information about Kiowa history, their migration, and their encounters with the United States government. This voice is often reflective, contemplative, and imbued with a deep sense of reverence for the past.
2. The Oral Historian's Voice: This voice draws from the traditions of Kiowa storytelling, particularly from the author's grandmother, Aho. Momaday incorporates the oral histories and myths of his people, using a more poetic and often fragmented style. This voice emphasizes the power of storytelling to pass down knowledge and preserve culture. The language is vivid and often uses metaphors and imagery common to Native American storytelling traditions.
3. The Voice of the Land: Throughout the book, Momaday speaks of the landscape itself – the plains, mountains, and rivers – as a character with a unique voice. He imbues the natural world with a sense of history, memory, and spiritual significance. The land is not just a backdrop but an active participant in the story, influencing the Kiowa people and their worldview.
It's important to remember that these voices are not distinct and separate but rather blend and intersect throughout the book. Momaday masterfully uses them to create a layered and complex narrative that encompasses history, personal reflection, and the profound connection between the Kiowa people and their ancestral land.