1. Setting and Time Period: The novel is set in the early 19th century (1815-1838), a period of significant historical events like the Napoleonic Wars, the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France, and the rise of the French bourgeoisie. Dumas vividly portrays these elements, creating a sense of the era's political, social, and economic complexities.
2. Historical Figures and Events: The novel features historical figures like Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis XVIII, and the notorious French police official, Eugène François Vidocq. While these characters are not central to the plot, their presence enhances the sense of historical realism. Moreover, Dumas draws on historical events like the French Revolution and the rise of the Corsican rebellion, weaving them into the narrative.
3. Social and Cultural Context: The novel offers a detailed glimpse into the social and cultural norms of 19th-century France. From the rigid class structure and the importance of honor to the practices of the justice system and the underworld of smuggling and espionage, Dumas paints a vibrant picture of the times.
4. Historical Themes and Ideas: The novel explores timeless themes like revenge, justice, and the power of fate that resonate with historical events. The story of Edmond Dantès's wrongful imprisonment reflects the injustices of the French legal system during the period. The theme of political intrigue and the struggle for power also aligns with the political climate of the time.
5. Historical Accuracy: Though not a meticulously researched historical account, Dumas takes liberties with certain details, he still grounds his fictional narrative in the historical realities of his time. He captures the essence of the period's atmosphere, social dynamics, and political landscape, contributing to its historical fiction classification.
In conclusion, while "The Count of Monte Cristo" is not a historical novel in the strict sense, its setting, characters, themes, and general atmosphere are deeply rooted in 19th-century France, making it a compelling work of historical fiction.