It's presented as a common saying or proverb, though with a slight twist.
Here's the full quote from the game:
"Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results."
While this is a common saying often attributed to Albert Einstein, there's no official source for this, and it's likely just a popularization.
The important thing is that Far Cry 3 uses the saying as a thematic element in the story, highlighting the cyclical nature of violence and the protagonist's descent into madness.