* Identity and Belonging: This is arguably the most prominent theme. The novel examines the complexities of Native American identity in the face of colonization and assimilation. The characters grapple with their heritage, their connection to the land, and the pressures to conform to dominant culture. Their identities are fractured and fluid, shaped by both their indigenous heritage and their experiences within a larger, often hostile, society.
* The Power of Storytelling and Memory: The act of storytelling, both oral and written, is crucial to preserving history and cultural identity. The narrative itself is fragmented and non-linear, reflecting the fragmented nature of memory and the way stories are passed down through generations. The novel uses different narrative voices and perspectives to create a rich tapestry of individual memories.
* Spirituality and Nature: The connection to the natural world and a deep spiritual understanding is central to the characters' lives and worldview. Nature is not just a backdrop but an integral part of their existence, offering both sustenance and spiritual guidance. The novel also touches upon the intersection of indigenous spirituality with Christianity.
* Loss and Resilience: The characters experience significant loss – loss of land, culture, loved ones, and a sense of self. Despite these losses, they display remarkable resilience, finding ways to persevere and maintain their connection to their heritage and each other.
* Justice and Injustice: The novel subtly addresses the historical injustices inflicted upon Native American communities through government policies and societal prejudices. This is shown through the characters' struggles and the challenges they face.
It's important to note that these themes are not mutually exclusive but rather intertwine throughout the narrative, creating a rich and multifaceted portrayal of Native American life and experience. Any single theme would be an oversimplification of the novel's complexities.