* The tension between the ideals of democracy and the realities of inequality and injustice: Catton constantly highlights the gap between the promises of American life and the lived experiences of many, particularly marginalized groups. He examines how the pursuit of freedom and equality has been uneven, often resulting in hypocrisy and internal conflict.
* The interplay of individual ambition and national destiny: He explores how individual actions, both great and small, contributed to the larger story of the nation's development, but emphasizes that the national narrative was never simply the sum of individual successes. Ambition, often unchecked, played a significant role, both positive and negative.
* The cyclical nature of history and the importance of understanding the past: Catton stresses that the American story is not a linear progression, but a series of ups and downs, triumphs and failures, influenced by past events and decisions. Learning from the past, he argues, is crucial to understanding the present.
* The significance of the common man (and woman) in shaping national events: While recognizing the contributions of prominent figures, Catton emphasizes the role of ordinary people in shaping the nation's character and trajectory. Their struggles, aspirations, and everyday lives form a crucial part of the larger narrative.
In essence, Catton's overarching thesis is a nuanced and critical examination of the American experience, avoiding simplistic narratives of triumphalism or exceptionalism. He presents a more realistic and complicated picture, acknowledging both the positive achievements and the persistent challenges in realizing the nation's ideals. He doesn't offer a neat conclusion, but instead encourages readers to grapple with the complexities of the American past and its ongoing legacy.