* Defining "Literature" is Difficult: The term "literature" can encompass many forms, including poetry, prose, plays, and even oral traditions.
* Early European History: The concept of "Europe" itself has evolved over time. The earliest cultures in Europe predate our modern understanding of the continent, and their literary traditions are often lost to time.
* Lost Texts: Much of early European writing was preserved on perishable materials like papyrus or clay tablets, making it very difficult for texts to survive.
However, some strong contenders for early European literature include:
* The Epic of Gilgamesh: While this epic originates in Mesopotamia, it was influential in ancient Greek literature and demonstrates early storytelling traditions in the region.
* The Iliad and The Odyssey: These epic poems by Homer are foundational to Western literature and date back to around the 8th century BC.
* The Bible: While the Bible is a religious text, its influence on European literature and culture is undeniable. Many of its stories and characters have been retold and reinterpreted throughout history.
Ultimately, pinpointing the absolute "first" piece of European literature is a complex endeavor. The earliest works we know of are significant contributions to the development of European literary traditions.