* Discrimination: Historically, literacy tests have been used to disenfranchise specific groups, particularly African Americans and other minority populations. They weren't applied equally and were often administered in ways that were intentionally confusing or unfair to those being tested. Even when seemingly neutral, they disproportionately affected those with limited access to education, often due to systemic inequalities.
* Ineffective Measurement of Civic Engagement: The ability to read and write doesn't necessarily correlate with an understanding of civics, responsible citizenship, or the ability to make informed decisions about governance. Someone could be literate but lack the knowledge or critical thinking skills needed to participate effectively in a democracy.
* Undermining Democratic Participation: Literacy tests restrict access to the fundamental right to vote and participate in the political process. This weakens democracy by silencing a portion of the population and preventing them from influencing decisions that affect their lives.
* Arbitrary and Subjective Administration: The interpretation and grading of literacy tests can be highly subjective, leading to inconsistencies and potential bias in who passes or fails. There's no objective standard to ensure fairness.
* Violation of Civil Rights: In many contexts, literacy tests violate international human rights standards which guarantee the right to vote and participate in political processes without discrimination.
In short, while literacy is important, using literacy tests as a prerequisite for voting or other forms of civic participation is a flawed and discriminatory practice that undermines democratic principles and equality. More effective and equitable measures exist to ensure informed participation in democratic processes.