* Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy): This is a research doctorate, typically focusing on original scholarly contribution to a specific field of study. The emphasis is on research methodology, critical thinking, and the production of new knowledge. Ph.D. holders are trained to conduct independent research and contribute to the academic advancement of their field.
* M.D. (Doctor of Medicine): This is a professional doctorate, focused on the practice of medicine. While research is a component, the primary goal is to train physicians to diagnose, treat, and care for patients. The emphasis is on clinical skills, patient care, and application of medical knowledge.
While both require extensive study and confer the title "doctor," their training, career paths, and professional scopes are vastly different. You wouldn't expect a Ph.D. in history to perform surgery, nor an M.D. to conduct advanced physics research.