Here's a breakdown:
Structure:
* Early Childhood Education (ECE): This is not compulsory but is widely available and highly valued. It includes preschool, kindergarten, and some long day care programs. The age of entry varies slightly by state/territory.
* Primary School (Elementary School): Generally starts at age 5 or 6 and runs for six or seven years (Years 1-6 or 1-7 depending on the state/territory). Focuses on foundational literacy, numeracy, and other core subjects.
* Secondary School (High School): Typically begins at age 11 or 12 and lasts for five or six years (Years 7-12). This stage offers a broader range of subjects, including electives, and prepares students for further education or employment.
* Years 11 and 12 (Senior Secondary): These years are crucial as they often involve the completion of a senior secondary certificate (the equivalent of a high school diploma), which is necessary for university entry. Students often specialize in subjects relevant to their future aspirations. Different states/territories have different certification systems (e.g., HSC in NSW, VCE in Victoria, ATAR is a national ranking system used for university admissions based on state-specific results).
Key Features:
* Compulsory Education: Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 17 (or until the completion of Year 10, depending on the state/territory).
* Public and Private Schools: Australia has a mix of public (government-funded) and private (independent) schools. Private schools are often more expensive and may offer a different curriculum or ethos.
* Curriculum: While each state and territory sets its own curriculum, there's a degree of national consistency in the core subjects taught. The Australian Curriculum provides a framework, but states adapt it to their specific contexts.
* Funding: Schools receive funding from both federal and state/territory governments. Funding models vary, with some states providing more funding per student than others. Private schools receive less government funding but charge tuition fees.
* Assessment: Assessment methods vary across schools and states/territories. They typically include tests, assignments, projects, and exams. The senior secondary certificate is a major assessment that determines university entrance.
* Vocational Education and Training (VET): VET pathways are available in secondary schools and after completion of secondary school. This provides students with skills for trades and other professions.
Differences across states and territories:
Significant differences exist in the curriculum, assessment methods, and school structures across different states and territories. For example, the age of starting primary school, the length of primary and secondary education, and the specific subjects offered can vary. The terminology used for different year levels and qualifications may also differ.
In summary, the Australian school system is complex and diverse. While there are national standards and goals, the actual implementation and specifics vary depending on the state or territory. To understand the details relevant to a specific location, it's necessary to consult the education department of that state or territory.