Formative assessments determine not only a student's output and critical thinking process during learning but also identify gaps in comprehension. Examples include observations of problem solving, cooperative learning projects and discussions, as well as entry and exit slips in which the teacher gauges day-to-day understanding. Presentations related to concepts show steps in problem solving, such as ratios, percentages or statistics with visual graphs.
Summative assessments show what a student has learned. This type of assessment typically is given after you have taught the concepts. For example, after a unit on multiplication, you would give students a final exam with a variety of problems. Summative assessments include high stakes tests, standardized state exams, district or interim tests, midterms and final exams. Summative assessments can help determine a student's mastery of a subject; these are given at the discretion of the teacher throughout the academic year.
Technology based assessments are considered an alternative to more traditional assessments. Software programs, such as "Learning Today," include skill building exercises from basic to advanced K-12 and an independent self-study. Another example is "Study Island," which includes standards based skill-building and test practice in all levels of math. Students can use software programs and advance to the next skill level independent of the teacher. Models and practice lessons are included. The teacher receives a report on each student's progress and results of exams through a sign-in process or via an email from the student.
Student blogs are another method of alternative assessments. Blogs can replace written journals. They provide an opportunity for students to show steps of a mathematical process, reflect on their learning and interact with classmates and the teacher. Using blogs, students can critically analyze a concept and respond to scenarios or problems. Blogs can include project-based learning along with research, methodology and inquiry.