* Specific: It focuses on particular aspects of the learner's performance, rather than making general comments. Instead of "Good job!", it might say "Your explanation of photosynthesis was clear, but you could improve by including the role of ATP."
* Actionable: It suggests concrete steps the learner can take to improve. It doesn't just point out errors; it provides guidance on how to correct them.
* Relevant: It relates directly to the learning objectives and the task at hand. Irrelevant feedback is distracting and unhelpful.
* Timely: It's given soon after the performance so the learner can still recall the experience and apply the feedback.
* Constructive: It focuses on improvement rather than criticism. It acknowledges effort and progress while offering suggestions for further development.
* Clear and Understandable: The feedback is presented in a way the learner can easily understand, using language and terminology appropriate to their level.
Instructional feedback can be delivered in various ways, including:
* Verbal feedback: One-on-one discussions, class discussions, oral presentations.
* Written feedback: Comments on assignments, essays, or projects.
* Self-assessment: Learners reflect on their own performance using rubrics or checklists.
* Peer feedback: Learners provide feedback to each other.
The ultimate goal of instructional feedback is to help learners become more self-regulated and independent learners, able to identify their own strengths and weaknesses and to improve their performance without constant external guidance.