* Federal Government: The federal government plays a relatively small role in direct regulation compared to state and local levels. Their influence is primarily through funding (e.g., Title I funding for disadvantaged students) and setting broad standards (like the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act - IDEA). They also conduct research and offer technical assistance. However, they don't dictate curriculum or teaching methods.
* State Governments: States have the primary responsibility for establishing public education systems. This includes setting curriculum standards, determining teacher certification requirements, establishing graduation requirements, funding schools (though funding levels vary significantly), and overseeing accountability measures (like standardized testing). State-level boards of education generally play a significant role in policymaking.
* Local Governments: School districts, typically at the county or city level, are responsible for the day-to-day operation of schools. This includes hiring teachers, managing budgets, building and maintaining school facilities, and implementing state-level policies at the local level. Local school boards, elected or appointed, make decisions impacting individual schools within their district.
In short, there's no single entity that regulates public education. It's a shared responsibility, with states holding the most significant power, and federal and local governments playing supporting but important roles. The balance of power between these levels can vary considerably from state to state.