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Problems With Literal Equations

Although literal equations are solved for a letter variable rather than a numerical value, the same rules for finding a solution apply. Literal equations are useful when you're working with mathematical formulas, as the manipulations help you understand the relationship between the values you're given and the solution you must find.
  1. Basic Steps

    • If you're asked to solve the following equation for b: ( ax + b ) = c, the first step is to isolate the variable by adding ( -a ) to both sides of the equation. ax + ( - ax ) + b = c + ( - ax ). This yields a solution: b = c - ax . You can still confirm the accuracy of your answer by plugging the value of b into the original equation: ax + ( c - ax ) = c, as you would with a linear equation.

    Fractions

    • Literal equations containing fractions are also dealt with as in a linear equation. Solve for g: ( g / 3 + x ) = ( 2x + 7 ). First isolate g by adding ( -x ) to both sides: g / 3 + x + ( - x) = 2x + ( -x ) + 7, resulting in: g / 3 = x + 7. Now multiply both sides by 3 for the solution: ( g / 3 ) x ( 3 ) = ( x + 7 ) x ( 3 ), yielding: g = 3x + 21.

    Formulas

    • Suppose you're given the perimeter of a rectangle and the length, and must find the width. Setting out the formula for the perimeter and solving for w gives you the format for solving this problem: P = 2l + 2w. Add ( - 2l) to both sides: P + ( - 2l ) = 2w + 2l + ( - 2l ). This results in: 2w = P - 2l. Then multiply both sides by (1 / 2): (1 / 2)( 2w ) = (1 / 2)( P - 2l ), yielding a solution of w = ( P / 2 ) - l. If you're given values: P = 24 and l = 7, plugging in those values yields the value of w: w = (( 24 / 2 ) - 7 )= ( 12 - 7 ) = 5

    Word Problems

    • If Rachel speed-walks 10 miles and it takes her 3 hours to do it, how many miles per hour can she speed-walk? Here the solution is for her rate of speed. The distance formula D = rt can be manipulated to solve for r (or rate) by multiplying both sides by (1 / t ): D ( 1 / t ) = r t ( 1 / t ), yielding the solution: r = D / t. If you plug in the values D = 10 and t = 3, the answer for r = 10 / 3 or 3 1 / 3 miles per hour.

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