In parenthesis after paraphrased or quoted material in a research paper?

In a research paper, you use parentheses after paraphrased or quoted material to cite the source of the information. This citation usually follows a specific style guide (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago). The parentheses will contain the necessary information to allow the reader to locate the source in your bibliography or works cited page. The exact format depends on the style guide.

For example:

* APA Style: (Author, Year, p. #). For example: (Smith, 2023, p. 15). If it's a direct quote, you'll also use quotation marks around the quote itself.

* MLA Style: (Author's Last Name Page Number). For example: (Smith 15). Again, quotation marks are used for direct quotes.

* Chicago Style (Notes and Bibliography): A footnote or endnote would be used instead of parenthetical citations in the text, but a bibliographic entry is required.

The parentheses containing the citation are placed *after* the quoted or paraphrased material, but *before* the punctuation mark concluding the sentence or clause. For example: "This is a direct quote" (Smith 15). Incorrect placement would be: "This is a direct quote"(Smith 15).