1. Sanskrit Dramatic Tradition:
* Nāṭyaśāstra: The play adheres to the principles outlined in Bharata Muni's "Nāṭyaśāstra," an ancient Indian treatise on the art of theatre. This includes elements like the six rasas (emotions), the four types of characters, the five acts of a play, and the use of Sanskrit verses and prose.
* Classical Sanskrit Literature: "Shakuntala" follows the conventions of classical Sanskrit literature, including the use of poetic language, metaphors, similes, and allusions to mythology and history.
2. Romantic and Epic Elements:
* Romantic Love: The play's central theme revolves around the romantic love between Shakuntala and King Dushyanta. This love story is portrayed with a focus on passion, longing, and the complexities of human emotions.
* Epic Storytelling: The play incorporates elements of epic storytelling, like the introduction of divine beings, supernatural events, and a grand scope that encompasses kingdoms, forests, and celestial realms.
3. Philosophical and Religious Ideas:
* Dharma (Duty): The play explores themes of dharma (righteous conduct) and karma (action and consequence). The characters grapple with their duties towards family, society, and the gods.
* Spiritual Awakening: The play alludes to the concept of spiritual awakening and the search for inner peace, which is a recurring motif in Indian religious thought.
4. Realism and Idealism:
* Realistic Portrayal: While the play draws from mythology, it also presents realistic characters and situations.
* Idealized Love: However, the play's depiction of love is idealized, presenting an almost fairytale-like romance between Shakuntala and Dushyanta.
5. Symbolism and Metaphor:
* The Ring and the Curse: The ring and the curse of the sage Durvasas are symbolic of love's power, the consequences of broken promises, and the fragility of memory.
* Nature as a Setting: The play uses nature as a backdrop, highlighting the beauty and serenity of the forest and the power of the natural world.
In conclusion, "Shakuntala" isn't confined to a single literary approach. It blends elements of classical Sanskrit drama, romance, epic storytelling, philosophical thought, and symbolic imagery to create a captivating and enduring work of literature.