Seeds are tiny capsules containing a potential plant, but they will not germinate until triggered by the appropriate conditions. A simple science fair project can explore the requirements necessary for a particular type of seed to grow. Obtain many seeds of the same type for this experiment. Divide the seeds into experimental groups and provide each group with a different amount of some variable, such as water, soil or light. Focus on changing only one variable to draw accurate scientific conclusions.
Seeds grow in a particular direction, sending green shoots and leaves toward the sun and air, while roots dig into the soil. Use a science fair project to discover how plants figure out which way is up. Place beans or seeds in a clear plastic bag with a damp paper towel. Plant seeds in all directions, including sideways and upside-down. Tape the bags to a window or wall and wait for germination. Note whether the seeds are growing upwards or in another direction. Turn an experimental group of seeds upside down after germination. Observe and record whether the plant has a self-correcting mechanism for direction of growth.
Plants use a chemical reaction called photosynthesis to harness the energy in light. Different colors of light produce different responses in plants. Experiment with different light colors to see which causes the fastest rate of germination. Plant seeds or beans in individual pots with water and soil. As soon as a green shoot appears, create a light filter for each plant by covering it loosely with colored, transparent plastic. Poke air holes in each plastic bubble. Measure the speed of growth for each plant and compare the results for different colors.
A plant that grows in the dead of winter risks dying in a snowfall or frost. Thus, temperature plays a role in the germination process to ensure that plants grow in favorable conditions. Plant several trays of seeds in eggs cartons or ice cube trays full of soil. Keep one tray at room temperature, while placing other trays in the refrigerator, greenhouse or freezer. Water the trays and wait for germination. Count how many plants emerge and measure the average time before germination for each tray.