I. Journal Article:
* Print Journal:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. *Title of Periodical*, *volume*(issue), pages-pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
*Example:*
Smith, J., Jones, A., & Brown, B. (2023). The impact of social media on adolescent well-being. *Journal of Adolescent Research*, *15*(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1000/jar12345
* Online Journal: (Same as print, but add DOI or URL if available)
*If DOI is available, use it. If not, use the URL.*
II. Book:
* Print Book:
Author, A. A. (Year). *Title of work*. Publisher.
*Example:*
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (2000). *The elements of style* (4th ed.). Longman.
* E-book: (Add the URL or DOI if available)
Author, A. A. (Year). *Title of work* [Electronic version]. Publisher.
III. Book Chapter:
* Print Book Chapter:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), *Title of book* (pp. pages-pages). Publisher.
*Example:*
Smith, J. (2022). The history of social media. In A. Jones & B. Brown (Eds.), *Understanding digital culture* (pp. 55-78). Sage.
* Online Book Chapter: (Add the URL or DOI if available)
IV. Website:
* Website with Author:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). *Title of page*. Website Name. URL
*Example:*
Miller, J. (2023, October 26). *The future of AI*. TechCrunch. https://www.techcrunch.com/future-of-ai
* Website without Author:
*Title of page*. (Year, Month Day). Website Name. URL
*Example:*
*Understanding Climate Change*. (2023, November 15). NASA. https://climate.nasa.gov
V. Report:
* Government Report:
Agency. (Year). *Title of report* (Report No. number). Publisher. URL
*Example:*
National Institutes of Health. (2022). *Mental health in America* (NIH Report No. 2022-1234). U.S. Government Printing Office. https://www.nih.gov/report
VI. Video:
* YouTube Video:
Creator. (Year, Month Day). *Title of video* [Video]. YouTube. URL
*Example:*
Khan Academy. (2018, March 12). *Introduction to algebra* [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcdefg
VII. Podcast:
* Podcast Episode:
Host. (Year, Month Day). *Episode title* [Audio podcast episode]. Podcast Title. URL
VIII. Social Media Post:
* Tweet:
Author. [@Handle]. (Year, Month Day, Time). *Tweet text* [Tweet]. Twitter. URL
* Facebook Post/Instagram Post: Similar to a Tweet, include the post type and platform.
Important Considerations:
* DOI (Digital Object Identifier): Always use a DOI if available. It's the most stable and reliable way to link to a source.
* URLs: Use the URL only if a DOI is not available. Shorten long URLs if necessary.
* Italics: Italicize titles of books, journals, and websites.
* Hanging Indents: Use hanging indents for all references. Your word processing software should have a function for this.
* Ampersand (&): Use an ampersand (&) instead of "and" in the author list within the reference.
* Multiple Authors: APA has specific rules for handling different numbers of authors (1-20+).
These examples provide a good starting point. Always consult the official APA Publication Manual or the APA Style website for the most accurate and up-to-date guidelines. The APA Style website often has examples and tutorials available.