Before (generally referring to pre-20th century, with significant variations):
* Access: Education was largely a privilege, available primarily to the wealthy and elite. Girls and children of color often had severely limited or no access to formal schooling. Literacy rates were significantly lower.
* Curriculum: Focused heavily on classical subjects (Latin, Greek, religion), rote memorization, and discipline. Practical skills were often learned through apprenticeships rather than formal schooling. Science and technology were less prominent. The curriculum was often rigid and standardized less.
* Teaching Methods: Primarily lecture-based, with an emphasis on discipline and obedience. Individualized learning was rare. Corporal punishment was common.
* Technology: Limited to chalkboards, pens, and books. Learning materials were expensive and often scarce.
* Structure: Often highly segregated by class, gender, and race. School years were shorter and less structured than today.
Now (21st century):
* Access: While still not perfectly equitable, there is significantly greater access to education globally. Many countries have implemented compulsory education, and efforts are made to improve access for marginalized groups, though significant disparities remain.
* Curriculum: More diverse and inclusive, incorporating a wider range of subjects, including sciences, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM), arts, and social studies. Emphasis is shifting toward critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. There's a greater focus on individual learning styles and needs. Standardized testing is prevalent in many countries.
* Teaching Methods: More varied and student-centered, incorporating active learning techniques, collaborative projects, technology integration, and individualized instruction. There's a greater emphasis on assessment for learning rather than solely for grading.
* Technology: Widespread use of computers, internet, educational software, and digital resources. Online learning platforms and virtual classrooms have expanded access and learning opportunities.
* Structure: While still facing challenges with segregation and inequality, there's a greater awareness of the need for inclusive and equitable education. The structure of schooling is more standardized in many places, with more defined grade levels and longer school years.
In summary: Education today is far more accessible, diverse, and technologically advanced than in the past. However, challenges remain in achieving equitable access and addressing systemic inequalities. The shift is also towards a more student-centered and individualized approach, fostering critical thinking and collaborative learning. The emphasis has moved from rote learning towards a more holistic approach to education.