A microcontroller takes in inputs and issues output commands. The inputs and outputs are all based upon voltage levels. For example, a switch may be on when a robot is running freely. If it hits a wall, it trips a switch. The "off" condition is relayed to the controller, which reverses the voltage on the motor, reversing the wheels. All the commands have to be programmed in by the programmer. You have to become familiar with computer programming, such as the C + + language, in order to succeed with your project. When it comes to microcontrollers, there's no quick and easy five-minute method to programming.
Before you begin a project, think about the intended use for the device. Many intelligent alarm systems have microcontrollers at their core, as do robots or automated machines. Consider your goals, and pick or design a project accordingly. If you require some knowledge base development, many electronics engineers and technicians work on projects constantly, and may be able to offer recommendations.
You can convert your computer into a microcontroller, with the right software and some commonly available integrated circuit chips. According to "Robotics Universe," a printer or serial port on yur computer has 8 outputs, and 3 inputs. These are enough inputs and outputs to control an automated milling machine or a simple robotic arm. You also have to build an interface circuit. An interface circuit takes the "raw" signal from your computer and converts into voltage levels for motors or hydraulic valves.
Seasoned experimenters have made discoveries while building their projects, and they pass along tips to the experimenter community. For instance, electronics technician Colin Mitchell states you can store and retrieve up to five programs on a single 12c508A microcontroller integrated circuit chip. This is done by soldering a resistor between lead GP3, which is an input, and any of the output leads. A program is written into the chip, and depending on which output the resistor is connected to, a corresponding program will run at start up.