Students new to argument theory should consult introductory textbooks on argument theory. These textbooks cover the most basic theories. "The Informed Argument" is one introductory book for beginning students. It covers many of the current argument theories such as the Toulmin Model of Argument, the Rogerian argument and the logical and classical arguments. This textbook also covers the process of creating an argument and offers several examples of different types of arguments and analysis of those arguments.
For intermediate students, James A. Herrick's textbook, "The History and Theory of Rhetoric," covers the origins of argument theory in Western culture. This textbook begins with the ancient Greek philosophers, such as Socrates and Aristotle, and sophists such as Protagoras and Gorgias. It covers every major development in argument theory from the very beginning in the Greek courts and public squares through the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment, and up to contemporary argument theory.
For intermediate to advanced students interested in modern argument theory, "Modern Rhetorical Criticism" provides in-depth explanations of modern argument theories. This textbook also presents arguments in various media forms. The book then breaks each argument down according to a particular modern argument theory. This textbook covers theories ranging from cultural criticism to feminist theory. It includes the Toulmin Model of Argument and dramatistic and ideological criticism.
No single textbook will ever earn the title of the "best" one for every student -- that can be rather subjective. Any textbook classified as best is one that engages the student and presents argument theory in a meaningful way. The instructor of any argument theory course will require or recommend a textbook for the class. In that case, the book the instructor recommends is clearly the ideal textbook for that class.