In how many ways can 21 books on English and 19 Hindi be placed in a row shelf so that two may not together?

Suppose the English and Hindi books are first arranged as one group each. These two groups can be arranged in the \(2! = 2\) ways. Now we arrange

(i) 21 English books

(ii) 19 Hindi books

Therefore, required number of arrangement

\(= 2\times 21! \times 19!\)

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