Here's a nuanced perspective:
* For wealthier families: Tutoring at home was common, and this could be considered a significant chore, especially if the curriculum was demanding or the tutor strict. This was less about assigned tasks and more about expected independent study and preparation for lessons. It wasn't structured like a worksheet, but it was undeniably work.
* For working-class families: Many children worked alongside their parents, and formal schooling was less consistent or available. The "homework" might have been learning a trade or contributing to household chores, which were far more demanding than modern academic assignments. This was less "homework" and more simply a part of daily life, though still a chore.
* For those attending school: Some schools did assign tasks for students to complete outside of class, particularly in the later part of the 19th century as schooling became more formalized. However, this was often less frequent and less structured than modern homework. Memorization of texts and practicing arithmetic were common. While not necessarily viewed as a fun activity, the framing of it as a "chore" might be a modern interpretation.
In short, while not perfectly analogous to modern homework, the tasks and expectations placed on students outside of formal schooling in the 19th century certainly constituted work and were likely seen as chores, especially as they often intruded on what little free time children had. The experience varied drastically based on social class and access to education.