Physics
* Albert Einstein (1921): For his explanation of the photoelectric effect and his work on theoretical physics, including the theory of relativity. His work revolutionized our understanding of space, time, gravity, and the universe.
* Marie Curie (1903): First woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the only person to win in two different scientific fields. She won with her husband Pierre for their research on radioactivity, a field she pioneered. She later won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work on isolating radium.
* Richard Feynman (1965): For his work on quantum electrodynamics, a theory explaining how light and matter interact at the most fundamental level. He was a brilliant and influential physicist known for his unique style of teaching and his contributions to the development of quantum mechanics.
* Stephen Hawking (1988): For his groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of black holes and the early universe. His book "A Brief History of Time" made complex scientific concepts accessible to the general public.
Chemistry
* Marie Curie (1911): See above.
* Linus Pauling (1954 & 1962): Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the nature of chemical bonds and the structure of complex molecules. He also won the Nobel Peace Prize for his activism against nuclear weapons.
* Dorothy Hodgkin (1964): For her work on the determination of the structures of important biochemical substances by X-ray techniques. This included groundbreaking work on penicillin and insulin.
* Kary Mullis (1993): For his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a revolutionary tool for amplifying DNA, enabling advancements in fields like genetics and medicine.
Physiology or Medicine
* Alexander Fleming (1945): For his discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, which revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.
* Jonas Salk (1954): For his development of the first successful polio vaccine, which significantly reduced the incidence of this debilitating disease.
* Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, and George Snell (1980): For their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immune reactions. This paved the way for understanding immune system responses and the development of organ transplantation.
* Tu Youyou (2015): For her discovery of artemisinin, a drug that has dramatically reduced mortality rates from malaria.
Literature
* Ernest Hemingway (1954): For his mastery of the art of narrative, as demonstrated in "The Old Man and the Sea" and other works, for his influence on contemporary style.
* Gabriel García Márquez (1982): For his novels and short stories, which, with a blend of realism and magical fantasy, reflect the life and conflicts of a continent.
* Toni Morrison (1993): For her novels that are characterized by visionary force and poetic import, where she gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.
* Kazuo Ishiguro (2017): For his novels of great emotional force, in which he has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusions of connection.
Peace
* Nelson Mandela (1993): For his work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime in South Africa.
* Malala Yousafzai (2014): For her struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.
* Muhammad Yunus (2006): For his efforts to create economic and social development from below. He founded Grameen Bank, a microfinance organization that helps poor people access credit.
Economics
* Milton Friedman (1976): For his achievements in the field of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.
* Amartya Sen (1998): For his contributions to welfare economics, focusing on issues like poverty and famine. He is also a well-known philosopher and social theorist.
* Daniel Kahneman (2002): For his pioneering work in behavioral economics, specifically for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science.
Remember: This is just a small selection of the many extraordinary individuals who have won the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize website is an excellent resource for detailed information on all the winners across all categories: [https://www.nobelprize.org/](https://www.nobelprize.org/)