What name was given to artists and writers who criticized American society during the

The term most commonly used for artists and writers who criticized American society, particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, is "realists".

Here's why:

* Realism was a literary and artistic movement that emphasized portraying life as it truly was, often focusing on the struggles and hardships of ordinary people.

* Realists often used their work to criticize societal issues like poverty, inequality, and corruption.

While "realism" is the most encompassing term, some other labels may be used depending on the specific focus or period:

* Naturalists: Focused on the role of environment and heredity in shaping human behavior.

* Social Realists: Explicitly aimed to address social injustices and advocate for change.

* Progressive Era Critics: Active during the Progressive Era (early 20th century), often focused on exposing corruption and advocating for reforms.

Ultimately, the specific term depends on the context and the specific artists and writers you are referring to.