References:
* Purpose: A reference is a general endorsement of someone's character, skills, or abilities. It's a broader statement, often more informal. Think of it as saying, "Yes, I know this person and can vouch for their suitability." They might be contacted casually or formally, depending on the situation.
* Formality: Can range from a brief phone call or email to a more formal written statement, but generally less structured and detailed than a letter of recommendation.
* Solicitation: Often requested informally. You might simply ask someone if they'd be willing to serve as a reference and provide their contact information.
* Content: Usually focuses on confirming basic information about the applicant (e.g., employment dates, job responsibilities) and providing a general positive assessment of their character and work ethic.
* Examples: A potential employer calling a previous boss to inquire about an applicant, or a landlord checking references from previous tenants.
Letters of Recommendation:
* Purpose: A letter of recommendation is a formal, detailed, and written endorsement specifically designed to support an application for a specific opportunity (e.g., job, graduate program, scholarship). It's a strong statement of support, going beyond a simple confirmation.
* Formality: Always formal, written, and often requires a specific format.
* Solicitation: Explicitly requested and usually involves providing the recommender with a detailed application, instructions, and often a specific form to complete.
* Content: Provides detailed, specific examples of the applicant's skills, accomplishments, and qualities, illustrating why the applicant is a strong candidate for the particular opportunity. It often includes quantifiable achievements and a clear assessment of the applicant's potential.
* Examples: A letter from a professor supporting a student's application to graduate school, or a letter from a supervisor supporting a job application.
In short: A reference is a general vouching, while a letter of recommendation is a detailed, formal endorsement tailored to a specific application. A letter of recommendation is always a reference, but a reference isn't necessarily a letter of recommendation.