1. Empiricism: Research is based on observable evidence and data collected through systematic observation or experimentation. Conclusions are drawn from this evidence, not from speculation, intuition, or beliefs alone.
2. Objectivity: Researchers strive to minimize bias in all stages of the research process, from the design of the study to the interpretation of results. This involves using standardized procedures, blinding techniques (where appropriate), and acknowledging potential limitations.
3. Replicability: The research should be designed and documented in such a way that other researchers can reproduce the study and obtain similar results. This ensures the reliability and validity of the findings. Clear methodology and data sharing are crucial for replicability.
4. Falsifiability: A scientific hypothesis or theory must be capable of being proven wrong. If a hypothesis cannot be tested and potentially refuted, it's not considered scientific. This means predictions must be made that could potentially contradict the hypothesis.
5. Parsimony (Occam's Razor): Given multiple explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation that accounts for the data is preferred. Unnecessary complexity should be avoided.
6. Generalizability: The aim is to draw conclusions that extend beyond the specific sample or context of the study. The extent to which findings can be generalized depends on the rigor of the research design and the representativeness of the sample.
7. Validity: This refers to the accuracy of the research findings. There are different types of validity, including:
* Internal validity: The extent to which the study design accurately demonstrates a cause-and-effect relationship.
* External validity: The extent to which the findings can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times.
* Construct validity: The extent to which the measures used accurately assess the concepts they are intended to measure.
8. Reliability: The consistency and stability of the research findings. A reliable study would produce similar results if repeated under similar conditions.
9. Ethical Considerations: Research must be conducted ethically, respecting the rights and welfare of participants (human or animal). This includes informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm, and ensuring the ethical review and approval of the research protocol.
10. Systematic Approach: Research follows a structured and logical process, typically involving: formulating a research question, developing a hypothesis, designing the study, collecting data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
These tenets work together to ensure the integrity and credibility of scientific research. A study that adheres to these principles is more likely to produce reliable and valid knowledge that contributes to the advancement of understanding.