Which innovation led directly to the literacy rates rise Shakespeares poems circulated and secular ideas spread?

The innovation that directly led to the rise in literacy rates, Shakespeare's poems circulating, and secular ideas spreading during the Renaissance was the printing press.

Here's why:

* Increased Accessibility: The printing press allowed for mass production of books, making them significantly more affordable and accessible to a wider audience. This was a major shift from the laborious and expensive process of hand-copying manuscripts.

* Spread of Ideas: The printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information, including secular literature like Shakespeare's plays and poems. This challenged the dominance of religious texts and fostered the spread of new ideas and perspectives.

* Literacy Rates: With more books available and at more affordable prices, people were encouraged to learn to read and write. This led to a significant increase in literacy rates, particularly in urban areas, which further fueled the circulation of printed materials.

While other factors contributed to the Renaissance, the printing press played a crucial role in the rise of literacy, the popularity of Shakespeare's work, and the spread of secular ideas.