1. Stream of Consciousness: The novel utilizes an experimental narrative technique called stream of consciousness, mimicking the chaotic flow of thoughts and feelings in the characters' minds. This can be overwhelming and difficult to follow, as sentences can be long and convoluted, and there's no clear linear plot or traditional dialogue.
2. Allusions and References: The book is dense with allusions to classical literature, mythology, history, and contemporary events. Many of these references are obscure, requiring extensive background knowledge to understand fully. Joyce uses this technique to create layers of meaning and connect his characters to the broader human experience.
3. Language and Vocabulary: Joyce employs a variety of language techniques, including neologisms, puns, and wordplay. He also uses colloquialisms and slang from various social classes, making the language complex and challenging.
4. Complex Structure: The novel follows a single day in the life of Leopold Bloom, but its structure is highly complex and non-linear. Joyce uses a parallel structure, mirroring Homer's *Odyssey* with characters and events echoing their counterparts in the epic poem. This intricate structure requires a deep understanding of both the *Odyssey* and Joyce's work to fully appreciate the novel.
5. Lack of Traditional Plot: While *Ulysses* does have a basic plot, it's not driven by external events or actions. Instead, the focus is on the characters' internal thoughts, feelings, and experiences, which can be frustrating for readers looking for a clear storyline.
6. Joyce's Style: Joyce's prose is often dense, layered, and complex. He uses long, intricate sentences and often shifts perspectives abruptly, making it challenging to keep track of the narrative.
7. Length and Time Commitment: *Ulysses* is a long and demanding novel. It requires a significant time commitment and effort to read, understand, and appreciate fully.
It's important to note that *Ulysses* is not just a difficult read, but a rewarding one for those who are willing to put in the effort. It's a groundbreaking work that pushes the boundaries of literary form and offers a unique exploration of human consciousness. Many readers find the challenge rewarding and find themselves drawn into the rich world Joyce creates.