These were men who made verbal announcements in public places, delivering news, proclamations, and advertisements. They were frequently utilized by officials and merchants to disseminate pertinent information.
Manuscripts
Before the invention of the printing press, monks and scholars in monasteries transcribed manuscripts by hand. These manuscripts, frequently beautifully decorated with illustrations, were shared and distributed throughout Europe and the Middle East. Significant news, tales, and records of current events were frequently kept in them.
Travelers and Merchants
Due to their continuous travel, merchants and explorers were essential in spreading news between different towns, cities, and countries. They traded not just goods but also stories and information. People relied heavily on word-of-mouth accounts because long-distance communication was constrained.
Public Forums and Gatherings
In plazas, markets, and other gathering locations, people congregated to interact and talk. These conversations provided a chance to exchange regional and national news as well as updates.
Ballads and Songs
Folk singers, minstrels, and balladeers transmitted news and current events through their ballads and songs as they traveled. These artists entertained the public while also serving as news providers.
Official Documents
Government reports and proclamations were posted on public display boards and city gates for the public to see and read. These documents supplied details on important government choices, laws, and public announcements.
Correspondence Letters
People relied heavily on written letters, handwritten communications sent by courier or post, to stay in touch and exchange news with close relatives, friends, and business partners.
The printing press
Although it did not completely replace other forms of communication, the arrival of the printing press around the 15th century made news dissemination quicker and more broadly accessible. With the development of printing technology, newspapers, which concentrated news accounts and information in easily distributed publications, were created over time.