- Handwriting: This was the most common method used to create books and documents before the printing press. Scribes would carefully copy texts by hand, often spending months or even years on a single manuscript.
- Block printing: This was a technique used to create images by carving a design into a wooden block and then pressing it onto a surface. This method was often used to create religious prints and illustrations.
- Stenciling: This was a technique used to create images by cutting a design into a sheet of material, such as paper or leather, and then using a brush to paint through the holes. This method was often used to create fabric designs and decorations.