Content & Structure:
* Clear Research Question/Hypothesis: It begins with a specific, focused research question or hypothesis that guides the entire investigation. This isn't just a general topic, but a problem the paper aims to solve or question it seeks to answer.
* Literature Review: A thorough examination of existing scholarship relevant to the research question. This demonstrates the researcher's understanding of the field and places their work within a broader context. It identifies gaps in current knowledge that the research addresses.
* Methodology: A detailed description of the methods used to collect and analyze data. This allows others to replicate the study and assess its validity. The methodology must be appropriate to the research question.
* Data Analysis & Results: Presentation of the findings from the research, often using tables, figures, and statistical analysis. The data should be clearly presented and interpreted in a way that supports or refutes the hypothesis. Raw data may be included in an appendix.
* Discussion & Interpretation: An analysis of the results, discussing their implications and significance. This section connects the findings back to the research question and the existing literature. Limitations of the study are acknowledged.
* Conclusion: A concise summary of the main findings and their implications. It reiterates the answer to the research question.
* Citations & Bibliography: Accurate and consistent citation of all sources used, following a specific style guide (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). A complete bibliography lists all cited works.
Style & Tone:
* Formal Tone: Research papers use formal language, avoiding slang, colloquialisms, and contractions.
* Objectivity: The writing strives for objectivity, presenting findings without bias or personal opinions. While interpretation is necessary, it should be grounded in the evidence.
* Clarity & Precision: The language is precise and unambiguous, ensuring that the reader understands the research clearly.
* Logical Structure & Flow: The paper follows a logical sequence, with each section building upon the previous one. Transitions between sections are smooth and clear.
Other Characteristics:
* Originality: While building upon existing research, the paper should make a novel contribution to the field, whether through new data, analysis, or interpretation.
* Accuracy: The information presented must be accurate and verifiable.
* Ethical Considerations: The research must be conducted ethically, respecting the rights and well-being of participants (if applicable) and adhering to relevant guidelines.
Not all research papers will follow this structure exactly (e.g., a qualitative study might differ slightly from a quantitative one), but these characteristics represent the core elements that define a research paper.